Things You Wont Learn About Teaching in Grad School

Things You Wont Learn About Teaching in Grad School This could probably fill a book, but we'll start smaller. A traditional description of graduate school for education might go something like this: â?One to two years spent learning pedagogy, talking about behavior scenarios, and reading recent research on what kids today need.⠝ An alternative one might read: â?A nice resume boost and another requirement for the state to put on future educators.⠝ While I am being facetious with the latter description of grad school, I have found that the majority of my most useful teaching lessons came from actually leading a classroom, not being a student in one. Here are the four biggest areas where grad school was not enough preparation. 1. What Curriculum? The first teaching job I got after grad school is the one I still have four years later, but Year One looked different than Year Four. Going into a school with no established math or reading curricula left a lot open to interpretation. In grad school, you spend time learning about the principles behind teaching math and reading, most of which are embedded within various curricula. As a new teacher, I had to figure out what to do when there is no curriculum. The solution? I found that sometimes you can wing it using a combination of resources from other teachers, pieces of vetted curriculum, and your own knowledge. You can also search for free programs online (such as the Engage NY math program). You make it work, but no grad school class can prepare you for a lack of resources! 2. Bodily Issues There are zero things that can prepare you for a child throwing up all over herself, her desk, and the floor 10 minutes into your math lesson the day after a vacation. Similarly, nothing in a book prepares you for when a kid gets a bloody nose so bad he drips all over the rug. Additionally, no one warns you about kids having accidents, or breaking a leg and being unable to get up the stairs in your elevator-less building from 150 years ago. In short: things happen. Sometimes all you can do is laugh (after the vomit has been cleaned up) and know that there will be new challenges tomorrow! 3. Parents The most difficult experiences Iâ?ve had teaching have been with parents. I signed up to be a teacher to work with kids â? not adults â? but with kids come their parents. One of the most valuable lessons I have learned is that it is always, always, always better to communicate via phone or in person rather than email. If you have even the slightest hesitation of how something could be construed, do not put it in an email. If it is a tough conversation you know will elicit emotion, do not put it in an email. Conclusion: voice, tone, body language, and emotion are best conveyed in-person or on the phone. 4. Behavioral Issues Behavior is one of the hardest issues to deal with in the classroom because while you can discuss the subject in theory for hours on end, the reality is often a completely different story. Sometimes, a student will refuse to leave the room for a specialist. Maybe he will rip up his test after completing it because the last question is too hard. Or how about deleting all of his reading and writing folders on his Chromebook so none of the work is recoverable? Often, there are behavior issues among children at unstructured times of the day, such as lunch or recess, where you as the teacher may not be physically present. What Iâ?ve found helpful is to be proactive rather than reactive. Create a strong classroom culture and feelings of trust, respect, and community among your students. Take the time to get to know them as individuals and let them know that you care about them. Talk with them and let them talk to you when they need to. Care and love go a very long way in the classroom. Teaching is the greatest thing I have ever done in my life and not a day goes by that anything truly goes according to plan, but thatâ?s part of what makes it so exhilarating. I have learned more in the four years of teaching than ever before in my life â? about human nature, anxiety, love, and fear â? and wouldnâ?t trade it for anything. Remain patient, calm, and look at issues through multiple perspectives. Know that you arenâ?t in it alone and there is always someone to give you advice when you arenâ?t sure. The final, best piece of advice a coworker ever gave me: fake it til you make it!   What do you wish you had learned in grad school? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Want more from this author? Check out Lisa's favorite classroom apps or her advice on creating meaningful classroom rules with your students. Author Bio: Lisa Koplik is a fourth-grade teacher at the Greenwood School in Wakefield, Massachusetts. She loves teaching math, reading intense read-aloud books that promote complaints when she has to stop reading, and figuring out educational games to play with her students. Check out her video series on classroom management!

John Ross And Mill s Utilitarianism And Ross Essay

Introduction: Mill s Utilitarianism and Ross Intuitionalism both use moral intuitions as core components of their moral theories, though their valuation of these intuition in making morally sound decisions differ. I will argue that it is this mis-valuation of moral intuition in Utilitarian tradition that makes the moral theory unstable and prone to criticism. Ross deontological approach to moral intuitions provides a more believable, and morally acceptable account of the role these intuitions play in making ethical decisions. In this paper I will begin with underlying both Ross and Mill s valuation of moral intuitions in the framework of their moral theories, followed by a brief explanation of each philosophers view of â€Å"what makes an act moral†. Having established these I will, with the aid of an anecdote about a child and a sled, describe my difficulties with Mill s utilitarian approach to ethics. Finishing with an assessment of some utilitarian complaints about Ross theory. Ultimately Utilitarianism provides a commendable theory for widely applicable and practical moral action, but it s inability to address conflicts with strong moral intuitions weakens it s argument leading me to favor that of Ross more flexible, yet not relativistic, intuitionalism. i) The Value of Moral Intuitions: Both Ross and Mill recognize the existence of what one might call a â€Å"prima facie† duty ( or virtue), this being an action that is intuitively deemed morally rightShow MoreRelatedJohn Ross And Mill s Utilitarianism And Ross Essay1926 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Mill s Utilitarianism and Ross Intuitionalism both use moral intuitions as core components of their moral theories, but their valuation of these intuitions in making morally sound decisions differ. I will argue that it is this misevaluation of moral intuition in the  Utilitarian tradition that makes the moral theory unstable and prone to criticism. Ross deontological approach to moral intuitions provides a more believable, and morally acceptable account of the role these intuitionsRead MoreUse Of Consequentialism, Desire Satisfaction Theory And Objective List Theory1345 Words   |  6 PagesConsequentialism is an approach to Ethics that argues that the morality of an action is reliant on the action s consequence (Mastin, 2008). This theory is based on two main principles, first, that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends solely on the results of it and secondly, that the better act is the one that produces more good as a consequence. What is meant by consequence here is e verything that a certain action brings about, including the action itself. The good end required by an actionRead MoreNormative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles2769 Words   |  12 Pagestreatment of moral problems, practices and policies in personal, professional life. Applied ethics comprise of medical ethics, bioethics, business ethics, legal ethics and others. The understandings of Applied ethics follows two main approaches – Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics. the major aim of the normative theories of ethics is to articulate and advocate an ethical code in order to provide justifiable and reliable principles to distinguish between the moral and immoral attitude. NormativeRead MoreExplain the Difference Between Narrow and Preference Hedonism. Which Is a More Plausible Theory of Happiness?2995 Words   |  12 Pageswith the intense pleasure induced by opiates or cocaine at one end of the spectrum, and that pain is similar, with the intense pain of passing a kidney stone at the other end. But some hedonists believe that pains are differ qualitatively. John Stuart Mill, for example, thought that there were higher pleasures (e.g., from listening to great music or reading a great novel) and lower pleasures (e.g., from strong drink, drugs, or playing video games). There are deep questions about the nature ofRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesethical theories that differ in the basic criteria used for moral reasoning (Victor Cullen, 1988). These studies demonstrate that individuals usually rationalize their decisions using terminology that expresses different ethical theories such as utilitarianism (Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Premeaux Mondy, 1993; Premeaux, 2004), egoism (Granitz Loewy, 2007), deontology, and virtue ethics (Lahdesmati, 2005). Note that most of these studies focus on utilitarian and deontology theories, or limit theirRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesutopias of Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella and Francis Bacon. Within Christianity itself, these new movements dovetailed closely with the Reformation. [edit] Early modern philosophy (c. 1600 – c. 1800) Main article: Early modern philosophy [pic] [pic] John Locke Modern philosophy begins with the revival of skepticism and the rise of modern physical science. Philosophy in this period centers on the relation between experience and reality, the ultimate origin of knowledge, the nature of the mind and itsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthe arguer is being truthful). d. None of the above. 1. What time does the movie start? 2. This card can save you a lot of money. 3. Vote Republican in the next election because doing so will solve almost all the worlds problems. 26 4. John Adams was the second president of the United States. My history teacher said so, and I looked it up on Wikipedia with my phone. ────9 To find out whether an argument is present, you need to use your detective skills. Ask yourself whether the speakerRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesand Finance, Journal of Futures Markets, Journal of Derivatives Accounting, European Journal of Finance and Journal of Asset Management. He has authored one book with Professor Joe Zhu and edited nineteen books with Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann, John Wiley Sons, Palgrave Macmillan and Risk Books. Karyn L. Neuhauser is an Assistant Professor of Finance at the State University of New York (Plattsburgh), USA. She earned her doctorate in Finance from Louisiana State University and has published articlesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permissi on(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers John Ross And Mill s Utilitarianism And Ross Essay Introduction: Mill s Utilitarianism and Ross Intuitionalism both use moral intuitions as core components of their moral theories, but their valuation of these intuitions in making morally sound decisions differ. I will argue that it is this misevaluation of moral intuition in the Utilitarian tradition that makes the moral theory unstable and prone to criticism. Ross deontological approach to moral intuitions provides a more believable, and morally acceptable account of the role these intuitions play in making ethical decisions. In this paper, I will begin with underlying both Ross and Mill s valuation of moral intuitions in the framework of their moral theories, followed by a brief explanation of each philosopher s view of â€Å"what makes an act moral†. Having established these I will, with the aid of a brief anecdote, describe my difficulties with Mill s utilitarian approach to ethics. Finishing with an assessment of some utilitarian complaints about Ross theory. Ultimately Utilitaria nism provides a commendable theory for widely applicable and practical moral action, but its inability to address conflicts with strong moral intuitions weakens its argument. Ultimately Ross more flexible, yet not relativistic, deontological intuitionalism becomes a more attractive moral theory. i) The Value of Moral Intuitions: Both Ross and Mill recognize the existence of what one might call a â€Å"prima facie† duty ( or virtue), this being an action that is intuitively deemed morallyShow MoreRelatedJohn Ross And Mill s Utilitarianism And Ross Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Mill s Utilitarianism and Ross Intuitionalism both use moral intuitions as core components of their moral theories, though their valuation of these intuition in making morally sound decisions differ. I will argue that it is this mis-valuation of moral intuition in Utilitarian tradition that makes the moral theory unstable and prone to criticism. Ross deontological approach to moral intuitions provides a more believable, and morally acceptable account of the role these intuitionsRead MoreUse Of Consequentialism, Desire Satisfaction Theory And Objective List Theory1345 Words   |  6 PagesConsequentialism is an approach to Ethics that argues that the morality of an action is reliant on the action s consequence (Mastin, 2008). This theory is based on two main principles, first, that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends solely on the results of it and secondly, that the better act is the one that produces more good as a consequence. What is meant by consequence here is eve rything that a certain action brings about, including the action itself. The good end required by an actionRead MoreNormative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles2769 Words   |  12 Pagestreatment of moral problems, practices and policies in personal, professional life. Applied ethics comprise of medical ethics, bioethics, business ethics, legal ethics and others. The understandings of Applied ethics follows two main approaches – Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics. the major aim of the normative theories of ethics is to articulate and advocate an ethical code in order to provide justifiable and reliable principles to distinguish between the moral and immoral attitude. NormativeRead MoreExplain the Difference Between Narrow and Preference Hedonism. Which Is a More Plausible Theory of Happiness?2995 Words   |  12 Pageswith the intense pleasure induced by opiates or cocaine at one end of the spectrum, and that pain is similar, with the intense pain of passing a kidney stone at the other end. But some hedonists believe that pains are differ qualitatively. John Stuart Mill, for example, thought that there were higher pleasures (e.g., from listening to great music or reading a great novel) and lower pleasures (e.g., from strong drink, drugs, or playing video games). There are deep questions about the nature ofRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesethical theories that differ in the basic criteria used for moral reasoning (Victor Cullen, 1988). These studies demonstrate that individuals usually rationalize their decisions using terminology that expresses different ethical theories such as utilitarianism (Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Premeaux Mondy, 1993; Premeaux, 2004), egoism (Granitz Loewy, 2007), deontology, and virtue ethics (Lahdesmati, 2005). Note that most of these studies focus on utilitarian and deontology theories, or limit theirRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesutopias of Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella and Francis Bacon. Within Christianity itself, these new movements dovetailed closely with the Reformation. [edit] Early modern philosophy (c. 1600 – c. 1800) Main article: Early modern philosophy [pic] [pic] John Locke Modern philosophy begins with the revival of skepticism and the rise of modern physical science. Philosophy in this period centers on the relation between experience and reality, the ultimate origin of knowledge, the nature of the mind and itsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthe arguer is being truthful). d. None of the above. 1. What time does the movie start? 2. This card can save you a lot of money. 3. Vote Republican in the next election because doing so will solve almost all the worlds problems. 26 4. John Adams was the second president of the United States. My history teacher said so, and I looked it up on Wikipedia with my phone. ────9 To find out whether an argument is present, you need to use your detective skills. Ask yourself whether the speakerRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagesand Finance, Journal of Futures Markets, Journal of Derivatives Accounting, European Journal of Finance and Journal of Asset Management. He has authored one book with Professor Joe Zhu and edited nineteen books with Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann, John Wiley Sons, Palgrave Macmillan and Risk Books. Karyn L. Neuhauser is an Assistant Professor of Finance at the State University of New York (Plattsburgh), USA. She earned her doctorate in Finance from Louisiana State University and has published articlesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permissi on(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Renewable Forms of Energy Wind Energy Essay - 1320 Words

Renewable forms of energy are becoming more and more necessary for a sustainable future. Wind energy is a form of energy that is becoming more and more popular, and it offers a way for people to harness energy from something natural to create electricity. Wind energy in addition to other sustainable forms of creating energy are going to start taking the place of fossil fuels as people realize the true benefits of using them. There are many benefits of using wind energy in comparison to using fossil fuels. The first is that once wind turbines are built, they don’t release greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Wind energy also doesn’t pollute the air or water with other pollutants. Of course some greenhouse gasses and other pollutants†¦show more content†¦Coal costs 3.14 cents per kilowatt-hour (Pare); this cost includes the capital cost, operating and maintenance costs, and the price of the coal itself (Pare). Natural gas on the other hand costs 4.95per kilowat t-hour (Pare); this cost includes the capital cost, operating and maintenance costs, and the price of the gas itself (Pare). Wind energy costs 3.14 cents per kilowatt-hour this includes the capital costs and operating costs, but wind itself is free, so there is no cost for the source of energy (Pare). Based on the direct costs, wind energy is the same price as coal and cheaper than the cost of natural gas (Pare). If the indirect costs such as health and climate change are also incorporated into the total cost of the forms of energy, the price of natural gas rises to 8.09 cents per kilowatt-hour and coal rises to 10.29 cents per kilowatt-hour (Pare). The only indirect costs of wind power are that they aren’t exactly visually attractive to many people, and they can kill birds. These indirect costs of wind energy can’t accurately be quantified therefore the total price of wind energy remains at 3.14 cents per kilowatt-hour, making wind energy cheaper than both natural gas and coal when all costs are compared (Pare). Below is a chart representing the cost of these energy sources. One problem with wind energy is its consistency. Wind speeds are constantly changing. There isn’t a way for wind energy to meet human’s needs one hundred percent of the time unlessShow MoreRelatedNew And Alternative Sources Of Energy1311 Words   |  6 Pages Today s society uses enormous amounts of energy. *The shadow of our presence on this planet is a result of generations upon generations of production and utilization of energy*. New and alternative sources of energy are being developed to replace the declining accessibility of coal and fossil fuels. Use of renewable energy is a key component in combatting the climate change that has become a major issue in the 21st century. Reducing our impact on the climate as a result of greenhouse gas emissionsRead MoreEnvironmental Economical Impacts of Green Energy1798 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Economical Impacts of Green Energy Generating and supplying more green energy in the US can have a big impact in the environment and in our economy. With more green energy resources a big amount disasters that affect our environment can be reduced. Such disasters include oil spills, nuclear leaks and the emission of harmful pollutants. Electric power plants are one of the biggest contributors to pollution in the country due to the amount of carbon and sulfur dioxides that are releasedRead MoreEssay on The Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy839 Words   |  4 Pages The amazing thing about renewable energy resources is that they do not deplete. These energy resources include energies such as hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy. The major advantage of using these resources is that the environmental impact is extremely low when compared to the use of fossil fuels and other energy processes. One of the most used renewable energy sources is hydroelectric power. When you look at all the environmental impacts of dams, etc.,Read MoreWind Energy Has Experienced A Positive Growth Globally1524 Words   |  7 PagesWind energy has experienced a positive growth globally as an alternative source of energy (Thresher Robinson, 2008). Also, it has been used for supplying the deficiency energy needed after the other forms of energy. Globally through innovation and invention, the wind energy has been used as a safe energy. It’s forecasted that the wind energy in the future will supply a significant amount of energy that is required globally. Through technological advancements, this growth of the wind energy is forecastedRead MoreIs Renewable Source Is The Most Effective?957 Words   |  4 Pagesunsustainable. Research into renewable energy sources has been done at exponential rates every year. This research has led to the argument of which renewable source is the most effecti ve. Two lead candidates for this spot is Wind and Hydropower. Each one of these sources has trade-offs when it comes to reliability, energy output, and environmental impact but both energy sources would work better together. One of the earliest forms of mechanical energy and electrical energy is Hydropower. HydropowerRead MoreAlternative Energy: Solar Energy1323 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world today, alternative energy source which is an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energy is becoming more and more of a necessity. Right now, the world’s population growth has caused an increase in the energy demand. Rosenberg (2009) pointed out that the world’s current growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. OECDs International Energy Agency[IEA] (2014) found that from 2011 to 2035 the world energy demand is likely to rise by more than two-thirds. ThoughRead MoreRenewable Electricity : Generating Electricity, Heating And Making The Food That We Eat1300 Words   |  6 Pagesfood that we eat. Renewable and non renewable are the two types of energy resources available to us. The standard method of creating electricity has been by burning coal, releasing carbon dioxi de into the air. It was perviously thought carbon dioxide created warming however this is strongly disputed now as the correlation between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global temperature is now disputed. There are alternative methods we can use to create electricity such as solar and wind as well as manyRead MoreRenewable Energy And Solar Energy921 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many forms of renewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth s surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermalRead MorePros And Cons Of Renewable Energy1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthat in the recent past few years, new so urces of generating clean and affordable energy have been found. This energy is formed from renewable energy sources. However, although renewable energy is an important step in hindering the impacts of climate change, there are still many who do not support government subsidies towards this burgeoning business. Instead, some groups believe that the support of renewable energy should be left to the free market. In order to understand this debate about whetherRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words   |  5 Pagesin order to provide us energy. Almost everything we use nowadays consumes power in some form, and in tandem we rely on energy. Fossil fuels have become the go to resource for providing power. Fossil fuels include natural resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These fossil fuels fall under the non-renewable category because they take thousands of years in order to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Anoth er non-renewable energy source is nuclear fuel

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Free Essays

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is portrayed in the movie, Groundhog Day. Maslow’s hierarchy states that as lower level needs get satisfied, a person develops or realizes more needs or higher level needs. The movie is about Phil, the protagonist, who wakes up every morning realizing that he is reliving the same day over and over. We will write a custom essay sample on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now He demonstrates his way up to the pyramid of needs. First, he recognizes his physiological needs. He stays in a small inn for lodging where he also eats breakfast. After fulfilling his physiological needs, he develops the need for safety. The next day, he stays back in town to avoid the blizzard, which he didn’t do the day before. Upon fulfilling his safety needs, his social needs emerge. He encounters an old friend from high school and invites her for a date. He also tries having several drinks with Rita to make the conversation perfect and impress her. In addition, he tries getting to know everyone in town. As his social needs get fulfilled, his needs grow to the next level, which is his esteem needs. He tries to make his day a different one by helping everyone he sees who needed help. He learns new things such as ice sculpturing and piano. Once his esteem needs are satisfied, he develops self-actualization needs. He tries to develop himself by being the savior in town. He tries to save an old man by bringing him to the hospital and giving him food. He also tries to save a young boy from falling from a tree and save an old man from choking. The movie, clearly illustrates Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. How to cite Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Essay examples Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Free Essays 1. Introduction In the field of management, motivating employees is a very important issue that managers have to consider. Research has shown in many cases that companies with motivated and satisfied employees are more efficient and productive. We will write a custom essay sample on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considering the goal of the company, this can lead to higher profits and moreover to a good internal corporate culture. How can managers accomplish this task? Is it effective using Maslow’s theory to motivate employees? This paper will analyze why managers should not follow Maslow’s theory of needs in order to motivate employees. To prove this statement, the expose will focus on the model of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, after giving a brief description of motivation. In addition the paper will examine how, according to Maslow, managers can satisfy these needs in a company. Furthermore the weaknesses are pointed out, also with the help of research studies. At the end, Alderfer’s ERG Theory is compared to Maslow’s theory , as he reshaped the hierarchy of needs, which will provide a better understanding of Maslow’s theory and especially of the weaknesses. Although Maslow’s theory is often used to illustrate the concept of motivation, it is not a reliable theory when utilizing it in practice. 2. Motivation In the context of Psychology motivation can be described as ‘ processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal ‘(Robbins 2007: 186). Many managers who do not see motivation in their employees tend to characterize them as lazy. However motivation is not a personal trait, and therefore can always be taught. This concludes that one should not deal with the question whether someone is motivated, instead one should find out what is causing the motivation or lack of motivation (Robbins 2007: 186) In the 1950’s some of the first need theories that explain how work-related behavior can be driven by satisfying needs, were formulated (Furnham 1992: 128). 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The need hierarchy which is also associated with a pyramid , is divided into five levels which represent five basic needs. Maslow assumed that an individual had five needs which are activated in a hierarchical order. It was based on the prepotency of needs, meaning that a need emerged as a motivator as soon as a lower-need was satisfied (Heylighen 1992: 40) 3. 1 Model * Physiological Needs – food, water , air , shelter * Safety Needs – security, stability, protection * Love and Belongingness Needs– relationships, friends, family, socializing * Self-esteem Needs – achievement, reputation, independence, prestige * Self-actualization Needs – becoming everything one is capable of becoming (Maslow 1970 : 39-46) Counter argument: Maslow’s theory claims that all needs are not equal. In general, one might approve this statement as in many cases lower order needs take priority over higher order needs. However, in certain situations e. g escaping danger, hunger might be unimportant (Kalat 2008: 377). Therefore the hierarchical model does not provide an accurate picture of reality and does not consider these exceptions. 3. 2 Application on Management As Maslow claims, that once a need is satisfied, it does not serve as a motivator anymore, managers for example cannot only pay their employees more money, as this need will eventually be satisfied and no longer be a motivator. Instead they have to find other ways to satisfy the different needs (Robbins: 187) In the context of an organization (Sadri 2011 : 45-48) : * Physiological Needs – salaries, wages, bonuses * Safety Needs – health insurances, retirement plans * Love and Belongingness Needs – teamwork, company festivals, clubs * Self-esteem Needs –recognition, praise, competitions, promotions * Self-actualization Needs- tution reimbursement programs Counter argument: Maslow argues that a ‘satisfied need no longer motivates’. (Robbins 2007: 187). However, due to the fact that ‘ motivation is driven by the situation’ (Robbins 2007: 186) , for an employee who has reached self-esteem, job security can become a motivator again, in times of a financial crisis. 3. 3 Weaknesses * Motivation does not change only within an individual due to different situations, but also among all individuals (Robbins 2007: 186). Therefore managers have to know how to motivate each employee in an effective way according to Maslow. This is a big challenge, and unlikely to occur when implementing in reality. Another criticism of the theory itself is the aspect of culture. ‘ In countries like Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty avoidance characteristics are strong, security needs would be on top of the need hierarchy’ (Robbins 2007: 212). This shows that the theory can only be applied to the American culture, where self-actualization is the goal of most individuals. * From 1966 to 1973, there have been many studies, whi ch tested Maslow’s theory, however ‘these results were not supportive of Maslow’s need structure (Wahba,Bridwell 1976)’ (Berl, Williamson Powell 1984: 34). 4. ERG Theory Clayton Alderfer, an american psychologist reworked Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and developed a theory called ERG Theory (Robbins 2007: 188) 4. 1 Comparison to Maslow’s Theory In comparison to Maslow, Alderfer distinguishes between three categories (Weihrich 2010: 331). * Existence Needs * Relatedness Needs * Growth Needs Alderfer criticised the hierarchic order, giving two reasons. * Firstly ,through the hierarchic order only one need can be satisfied at a time. Alderfer referred to this point in his theory, and affirmed that ‘ more than one need may be activated at a time’ (Kreitner 2007 : 238). For example, an employee might go to work in order to afford a place to live, but also because he or she is motivated due to the good relationships with coworkers or managers (Weihrich 2010: 331-332). * On top of that Maslow justified his hierarchic order with the belief that ‘people tend to satisfy their needs systematically’ (Cole 2004: 36). However Alderfer argued that a ‘systematic movement up the hierarchy does not seem to be a consistent form of behavior for many people’ (Cole 2004: 36). 5. Conclusion The examination of Maslow’s theory and the comparison to Alderfer’s theory lead to the conclusion that on one side, it is true that individuals have different needs and that they relate to work behavior, but unfortunately the hierarchic structure does not appropriately reflect reality. On top of that, it is impossible for managers to find out what need is dominating each employee, as it can change due to situations. Furthermore ,due to the aspect of culture you cannot place a specific need at the top. As the weaknesses supported by the research, prove that the model does not work out in practice, it can be concluded that it is not advisable for managers to follow Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order to motivate employees. Bibliography Berl,R. L, Williamson, N. C. , Powell,T. (1984) Industrial Salesforce Motivation: A Critique and Test of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 4(1), 33-39. Retrieved 26/04/2012 from EBSCO Cole, G. A. (2004) Management Theory and Practice. (6th edition) London : Geraldine Lyons. Retrieved 20/04/2012 from http://books. oogle. de/books? id=HQhvAnb4TgMCprintsec=frontcoverdq=management+theory+and+practice+colehl=desa=Xei=IQ6XT7fCGIrNtAbqhommDgved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=management%20theory%20and%20practice%20colef=false Furnham, A. (1992) ,Personality At Work: The Role of Individual Differences In The Workplace. London : Routledge. Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http://books. google. de/books? id=v_hPuMqN_d0Cpg =PA128dq=need+theorieshl=desa=Xei=i6WT42SEIfVsgbM8aicDgved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=need%20theoriesf=false Heylighen, F. 1992). A Cognitive Systematic Reconstruction of Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization. Behavioral Science. 37, 39-57 Retrieved 24/04/2012 from http://pespmc1. vub. ac. be/Papers/Maslow. pdf Kalat,J. (2008) Introduction to Psychology. (9th edition) Wadsworth: Cengage Learning Kreitner,R. , Kinicki A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour (7th edition ). New York : McGraw-Hill Maslow, A. H (1970) Motivation and Personality. (2nd edition). New York: Harper ; Row Publishers Sadri, G. , Bowen, R. C. (2011) Meeting employee requirements : Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide. Industrial engineer. 43 (10 ) ,44-48. Robbins, S. P, Judge,T. A. (2007) Organizational Behavior (12th edition) New Jersey: Pearson Education Weihrich,H. , Cannice,M. v. , Koontz, H. (2010) Management : A Global and Entrepreneurial Perspective. New Dheli : Tata McGraw Hill Education. Retrieved 22/04/2012 from http://books. google. de/books? id=6vRX9w7ukhcC;pg=PA331;dq=alderfer+erg+theory;hl=de;sa=X;ei=Hj-UT_a0EMvdsgbOstyiBA;ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage;q=alderfer%20erg%20theory;f=false How to cite Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Papers

The Forgotten Garden Review Essay Example

The Forgotten Garden Review Paper Essay on The Forgotten Garden Cassandra, who understand why ». How long have you looked in the closet where you store vintage trinkets, letters grandmothers, gramophone records and bitter smell of stories about the lost words?  «Past. Future. Family.  »  « The Forgotten Garden Kate Morton refers to books in which the characters are looking for the road to ourselves. And in these novels there are no superfluous details and characters. Every little thing gets a shade of pleasant memories and exactly clever canvas to add your own word-symbol in the proposal, the answer to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forgotten Garden Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Forgotten Garden Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Forgotten Garden Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This book is pleasant style of presentation, unhurried weave three timelines, cozy mysteries associated with waiting, sadness , smiles of recognition. Differing independence of manners, the text reminds of Cornwall mood Spirit of Love by Daphne Du Maurier, and the charm of the Mysterious Garden by Francis Burnett, and gloomy liminality Owning Antonia Bayet. Were always know or guess how end tale. And yet, with a slight tremor forward to the moment when the surprise will cause wide-eyed. Kate Morton wrote a book on the rules of authentic ancient fairy tales, it connects fiction, allegory and reality that eventually she will be covered with a patina of antiquity. Her stories are beautiful and inspiring, create a special world, a hidden wild roses, moss and mist. You go through the maze, scattering colored stones, you get into a garden full of desires and looking in the mirror of a small pond, know his name -. Authoress The adults can not understand the charm of such stories, scared her gloomy silence, they are-but it never really did not go through the fog, we did not listen to the sighs of the sea, old man. Therefore Morton novel for the youth who are wise of heart. You know, he says, what is the difference between being and sound. And this will not understand until you have collected all the parts, pieces, scraps scattered on the book -. Or your life  «A girl who is waiting for help, she will never learn to save themselves. Even found her means, she did not have enough courage. Do not be so, Elise. You must find the courage to learn to save themselves, never at anyone without relying  » Similarly, in August, in the evening you are folding flower to flower meadow bouquet:. Buttercup, verbena, clover, ripe ear of corn rye. Here and there was a story. Unravel will know who you are. Although, in fact, you have you. This is the simple truth, which only can be found in the story.  «Cassandra guessed and why the garden was so important to her, why she felt as if their own roots penetrate into his earth, deeper and deeper with every moment spent within its walls. In the garden, she was at home, because some inexplicable way, Nell was also here. As Eliza. And she, Cassandra, was the keeper of the secrets of both.  »

Timeline of Greek and Roman Philosophers

Timeline of Greek and Roman Philosophers What was the first cause of our existence? What is real? What is the purpose of our lives? Questions like these have become the basis of the study known as philosophy. While these questions were addressed in ancient times through religion, the process of logically and methodically thinking through lifes big questions did not begin until about the 7th century BCE. As different groups of philosophers worked together, they developed schools or approaches to philosophy. These schools described the origins and purpose of existence in very different ways. Individual philosophers within each school had their own particular ideas. The Pre-Socratic philosophers are the earliest of the philosophers. Their concern was not so much with the topics of ethics and knowledge that modern people associate with philosophy, but concepts we might associate with physics.  Empedocles and Anaxagoras are counted as Pluralists, who believed there is more than one basic element from which everything is composed. Leucippus and Democritus are Atomists. More or less following the Pre-Socratics came the trio of Socrates-Plato-Aristotle, the schools of the Cynics, Skeptics, Stoics, and Epicureans. The Milesian School: 7th-6th Centuries BCE Miletus was an ancient Greek Ionian city-state on the western coast of Asia Minor in today’s Turkey. The Milesian School consisted of Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes (all from Miletus). The three are sometimes described as materialists, because they believed that all things derived from a single material. Thales (636-546 BCE): Thales was certainly a real historical individual, but very little evidence remains of his work or writing. He believed that the first cause of all things was water, and may have written two treatises entitled On the Solstice and On the Equinox, focusing on his astronomical observation. He may also have developed several significant mathematical theorems. It is likely that his work strongly influenced Aristotle and Plato.Anaximander (c.611-c.547 BCE): Unlike Thales, his mentor, Anaximander actually wrote materials can be credited to his name. Like Thales, he believed that just one material was the source of all thingsbut Anaximander called that one thing the boundless or infinite. His ideas may well have strongly influenced Plato.Anaximenes (d. c. 502 BCE): Anaximenes may well have been a student of Anaximander. Like the other two Milesians, Anaximenes believed that a single substance was the source of all things. His choice for that substance was the air. Accor ding to Anaximenes, when the air becomes finer, it becomes fire, when it is condensed, it becomes first wind, then cloud, then water, then earth, then stone. The Eleatic School: 6th and 5th centuries BCE Xenophanes, Parmenides, and Zeno of Elea were members of the Eleatic School (named for its location in Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy). They rejected the idea of many gods and questioned the idea that there is one reality. Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570-480 BCE): Xenophanes rejected the anthropomorphic deities and considered there to be one incorporeal god. Xenophanes may have asserted that men may have beliefs, but they dont have certain knowledge.Parmenides of Elea (c. 515-c. 445 BCE): Parmenides believed that nothing comes into being because everything must derive from something that already exists.Zeno of Elea, (c. 490-c. 430 BCE): Zeno of Elea (in southern Italy) was known for his intriguing puzzles and paradoxes. Pre-Socratic and Socratic Philosophers of the 6th and 5th Centuries BCE Anaxagoras of Clazomenae(c. 499-c. 428)Greek philosopherProtagoras(480-411)Greek philosopher SophistSocrates(c. 469-399)Greek philosopherPlato(c. 427-347)Greek philosopherDiogenes of Sinope(412-323)Greek philosopher Philosophers of the 4th Century BCE Aristotle(384-322)Greek philosopherEpicurus(341-271)Greek philosopherEuclid(c. 325-265)Greek mathematicianAristarchos(c. 310-250)Greek astronomer Philosophers of the 3rd Century BCE Chrysippus(c. 280-207)Hellenistic philosopherEratosthenes(276-194)Hellenistic astronomer Philosophers of the 2nd Century BCE Panaetius(c. 185-110)Stoic and Neo-Platonic PhilosopherLucretius(c. 98-55)Roman poet and Epicurean philosopher Philosophers of the 1st Century CE Epictetus(50 - 138)Roman philosopherMarcus Aurelius(121-180)Roman emperor and philosopher Philosophers of the 3rd Century CE Plotinus(c. 204-270)Greco-roman philosopher Philosophers of the 4th Century CE Hypatia of Alexandria(c. 370-415)Alexandrian philosopher Philosophers of the 4th Century CE Boethius(480-525)Philosopher and Christian martyr who was called the last of the Romans.

Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements

Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements By Mark Nichol When are designations for historically significant phenomena treated with initial capital letters, and when are the names rendered with lowercase letters? Exceptions, as always, are available to confound us, but the rules are fairly straightforward. Names of political and cultural periods or events are often capitalized in their original connotations, but when such nomenclature is used by extension in a generic sense, the designations are (usually) lowercased. For example, one should write, for example, â€Å"The arts and sciences flourished during the Renaissance,† but â€Å"The downtown district is experiencing a renaissance.† (However, to describe someone as well rounded in skills or talents, write â€Å"He’s a Renaissance man† even when he is not a contemporary of Michelangelo.) The same distinction applies for such terms as â€Å"golden age† (â€Å"The Golden Age was the first of Hesiod’s Ages of Man,† but â€Å"Jazz music has experienced several golden ages†) and â€Å"belle à ©poque† (â€Å"The period of peace and optimism in France in the nearly half century before World War I came to be known retrospectively as the Belle Époque,† but â€Å"They look back on that prosperous period as a belle à ©poque†). Similarly, one would write â€Å"China’s infamous Cultural Revolution was a decade-long time of great turmoil,† but â€Å"American society has undergone a cultural revolution of late,† and while references to the mid-twentieth-century tension between Western nations and the Communist Bloc capitalize â€Å"Cold War,† any such conflict without open hostilities is a cold war. The Enlightenment was a specific cultural movement in Europe and Britain’s American colonies during the 1600s and 1700s, or a similar era in any one of several countries. Generic usage is as follows: â€Å"In the Western world, the concept of enlightenment in a religious context acquired a romantic meaning.† However, in specific usage, enlightenment is capitalized: â€Å"The Russian Enlightenment is a period in the eighteenth century in which the government in Russia began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences.† Adjectives preceding names of political entities are often erroneously capitalized. No civilization has ever gone by the official name of Ancient Greece or Imperial Rome, for example; the first word in such designations is generally a mere descriptor and is therefore lowercased: â€Å"The course is a general overview of the history of ancient Greece†; â€Å"This essay will discuss the economic structure of imperial Rome.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesFor Sale vs. On SaleCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name